Symptoms after measles vaccination. Measles vaccination: timing of vaccination, who is given, types of vaccines and side effects. Where is the vaccine given?

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It is included in the National Calendar of Immunoprophylaxis of the Russian Federation and is mandatory. Some parents are apprehensive about vaccinations, afraid that their children will develop severe side effects. To decide whether to do prophylaxis, it is necessary to consider all possible complications after measles vaccination, their frequency of occurrence and severity.

The mechanism of action of measles vaccines

The essence of the mechanism of action of measles is to simulate the conditions of the disease in the body. We can say that it tolerates viral pathology in a weakened form. The vaccine contains a live strain of the measles pathogen, which is devoid of harmful qualities, but is able to multiply and induce an immune response.

When the antigenic material enters the bloodstream, the body begins to produce antibodies that can destroy the measles virus. T-lymphocyte cells provide immunological memory. Therefore, after the next penetration of the measles pathogen into the blood, the defenses are immediately activated and eliminate the infection.

Benefits of measles vaccination:

the formation of long-term and strong specific immunity. A person becomes protected for 12-20 years;
the minimum number of injections required compared to prophylaxis against other diseases;
immunization efficiency reaches 98%;
in case of infection and development of measles, the vaccinated person will suffer the disease in a mild form, without complications.

Possible consequences of measles vaccination in children

The body of the child after birth is weakened. This is due to the still unformed immune system. At first, antibodies against measles are present in the baby’s blood, which were transmitted from the mother.

But by the year they disappear, the child becomes susceptible to infection. Therefore, at 12 months, children are vaccinated against measles. Not all babies tolerate vaccination well.

Possible consequences of immunization:

the appearance of signs of a cold (cough, headache and muscle pain, weakness, runny nose, loss of appetite). Such unpleasant symptoms usually disappear within a few days;
. The temperature can be in the range of 37-37.5 degrees or reach 39-40. In the first case, this is a normal reaction of the body. When a child has a fever, the risk of seizures increases. This condition cannot be ignored. It is important to give the baby an antipyretic and call an emergency medical team;
local reactions in the form of redness, swelling, soreness in the puncture area. Such manifestations usually disappear without therapy after a couple of days. Sometimes a bump, an abscess is formed. Suppuration occurs due to infection and dangerous blood poisoning,;
. Urticaria, rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Lyell syndrome, Quincke's edema, anaphylaxis may appear. The last two conditions are dangerous and require emergency medical attention;
unnatural prolonged crying;
neuritis of the brachial nerve;
irritability and sleep disturbance;
loss of appetite up to refusal and development of anorexia;
increase or decrease in blood pressure;
swollen lymph nodes. Usually occurs when using a polyvalent MMR preparation - measles vaccine, and.

In children, allergic and local reactions are most often observed in a mild form.

The likelihood of side effects increases the following factors:

vaccination in the presence of contraindications;
the use of low-quality, spoiled drug;
non-compliance by physicians with the rules of antiseptics, administration techniques;
non-compliance with the recommendations of the doctor in the period after vaccination.

Post-vaccination complications include the following:

glomerulonephritis;
multiple sclerosis;
toxic shock;
measles encephalitis;
pneumonia;
myocarditis;
juvenile diabetes;
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis;
aseptic serous.

If signs of complications appear, urgent medical attention is required.

Complications after measles vaccination in adults

With the deterioration of the epidemiological situation for measles in the Russian Federation, it began to be carried out. Vaccination can be performed routinely (up to 35 years) or urgently (after contact with the patient). In adults, adverse reactions occur more often than in children (with each subsequent vaccination, the severity of the immune response increases).

Within a few days after prophylaxis, the following symptoms may be observed:

redness, swelling, pain in the injection site;
an increase in temperature to the level of subfebrile condition;
muscle pain;
general malaise, weakness;
diarrhea;
cough;
runny nose.

Possible complications after measles vaccination in adults:

allergic, toxic shock, angioedema;
encephalitis;
fever;
febrile and afebrile convulsions;
myocarditis.

To minimize the risk of complications, it is important to remember that you should not be vaccinated in the following conditions:

immunodeficiency;
allergy;
intolerance to vaccine components;
hyperthermia;
pregnancy;
acute course of an infectious viral disease;
general malaise;
weight is less than normal;
lactation period;
exacerbation of chronic pathology.

To identify temporary or absolute contraindications before manipulation, the doctor conducts an examination and analyzes the results of the examination.

Statistics on the occurrence of negative reactions to the vaccine

In childhood, adverse reactions to vaccination are rare and are usually limited to local manifestations and mild hyperthermia.

An increase in temperature, a moderate rash over the body, catarrhal phenomena are observed in 10-20% of immunized. This is a fairly low figure.

If we compare the risk of developing complications after, then it will be many times higher. The chance of measles encephalitis is 1 in 10,000 vaccinated. This complication usually occurs in children who live in poverty and are undernourished. Many parents are afraid of the serious consequences of vaccination and death against this background. As statistics show, the probability of dying after a measles vaccine is thousands of times less than when infected and developing a viral disease.

In adults, adverse reactions to the vaccine develop more often, but they are more amenable to elimination, since men and women have stronger immunity than young children.

According to patients and doctors, the measles vaccine rarely provokes negative symptoms.

What to do if the injection site hurts?

Soreness in the measles vaccine area is common after immunization. This symptom is due to inflammation. When the vaccine is administered, leukocytes are sent to the injection site, which respond to the antigenic material with a protective inflammatory reaction.

Measles vaccine culture alive

In this case, nothing needs to be done: after 2-3 days, the discomfort will disappear on its own. Pain at the injection site often occurs when part of the vaccine gets under the upper layers of the skin (it is customary to give an injection deep subcutaneously or intramuscularly).

Unpleasant sensations are explained by the fact that it is difficult for the vaccine to penetrate into the blood, the solution accumulates under the skin and causes it to stretch. Also, pain in the puncture area can be observed when the nurse used a syringe with a blunt needle for injection.

But sometimes the soreness of the vaccination site is a symptom of a complication:

severe inflammation due to infection (if doctors do not follow the rules of asepsis, antisepsis, the patient does not follow the doctor's recommendations in the post-vaccination period);
abscess (formed if the infected wound is not treated);
local allergies.

If the pain does not go away for several days, intensifies, is accompanied by severe swelling, redness, then you need to consult a doctor. Trying to fix the problem on your own is fraught with complications.

Depending on the cause of pain, the doctor may prescribe the following groups of oral medications:

anti-inflammatory (Nimesil, Ibuprofen);
antihistamines (Claritin, Diazolin).

In addition to agents for oral use, external ones are sometimes used: Diclofenac, Troxevasin, Nimesulide, Aescusan ointments.

What can not be done in the post-vaccination period?

In order for the wound formed after the introduction of the vaccine to heal quickly, without any local and general complications, you need to know about the rules of post-vaccination behavior. Physicians are obliged to inform before or after immunization about how to behave for some time after vaccination.

After measles prophylaxis, the following is prohibited:

bathe. After vaccination, the temperature is kept for some time. During this period, you can not take a shower. Otherwise, you can get sick. It is also forbidden to wet the puncture in order to avoid infection and the development of inflammation;
drinking alcohol. Alcohol reduces immunity, which is already weakened after vaccination. This increases the likelihood of infection with any disease, exacerbation of chronic pathology;
undergo treatment with drugs without the consent of the doctor;
walk in public places. It is important to avoid, if possible, contact with people in order to minimize the risk of infection with an infectious viral pathology;
do sport. Physical activity increases the load on the body and reduces the defenses. Also, when exercising, a person sweats. All this increases the risk of getting sick;
eat foods and drink drinks that have highly allergenic qualities. It is worth giving up chocolate, citrus fruits, exotic fruits, juices;
overeat on the day of the immunization. The less loaded the digestive system, the easier the body copes with the introduced antigenic material.

When did the Russian Federation (USSR) start using measles vaccines?

Can I get vaccinated against measles and chickenpox at the same time?

Can. Moreover, in many countries of the world, the chickenpox vaccine is included in a preparation containing measles, mumps, and vaccines. But in the Russian Federation, such a drug is not registered.

How soon after measles vaccination can other vaccines be given?

In this case, the timing of the introduction of other vaccines is regulated by the instructions for the measles (rubella, mumps) vaccine preparation. In the instructions for some drugs, an interval of 1 month is indicated, in other cases there is no such indication.

International recommendations ("") say that the interval between live vaccines should be at least 4 weeks. If an inactivated vaccine is administered after a live vaccine, then the time interval between such vaccines does not matter.

The measles (rubella, mumps) vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine. Those. if after vaccination against measles it is necessary to administer another live vaccine, then the interval should be at least 4 weeks. If an inactivated vaccine is to be administered, then any interval is acceptable.

How long after the Mantoux test can I get vaccinated against measles? How soon after measles vaccination can a Mantoux test be performed?

Important: in the instructions for some vaccines it is indicated as a contraindication to vaccination. You should choose those vaccines in the instructions for which there are no such prohibitions.

Is a vaccinated adult or child dangerous to others? Can you get measles from it?

No, it is impossible to get infected from a vaccinated person, regardless of whether the people around him are vaccinated or not. It is also safe if the post-vaccination period is accompanied by a rash or other manifestations.

The first vaccination was carried out with a domestic vaccine. Is it possible to carry out a second vaccination with a foreign drug?

Yes, you can. Measles vaccines are completely interchangeable.

The child is already one year old, but not all vaccinations according to the calendar have been made (for example, DPT has not been done). How to be? There is an opinion that you need to complete all vaccinations and only then get vaccinated against measles.

There are no documents in which there would be a ban on vaccination against measles before all other vaccines (except BCG). The child should be vaccinated against measles by the age of 1, especially if it is dictated by epidemic indications.

Is it possible to bathe a child after vaccination? Can you walk with him?

After vaccination, you can bathe the child and walk with him. Information about such bans is nothing more than a common myth.

Can I drink alcohol after vaccination?

No negative relationship between alcohol and vaccination has been established.

Why is a second dose of the measles vaccine necessary?

Up to 5% of those vaccinated do not develop immunity at the first dose. The second dose increases the development of stable post-vaccination immunity.

Why is it necessary to vaccinate at the age of one year?

Up to a year, the child is protected by antibodies obtained from an ill or vaccinated mother. By one year of age, the protective effect of these antibodies ends, so the minimum age for vaccination is set at 1 year.

If the absence of antibodies is confirmed in the mother of the child (for example, if the mother was not sick and not vaccinated), then the minimum period for administering the vaccine is regulated by the instructions for the vaccine. Some drugs have a minimum age of 8 months.

The second dose of the vaccine is given before the start of the school period and increases the child's chances of receiving post-vaccination immunity.

What to do if for some reason the child is not vaccinated at 1 year old, but later. Should the 5 year interval be respected?

If the child is vaccinated after 12 months of age, then the next vaccine is administered at 6 years of age. It is important not to administer the second dose of the vaccine before the age of six.

We have a shifted vaccination schedule, what should be the interval between vaccinations? What should be the interval between vaccinations in adults?

The instructions for the drugs indicate an interval of 6 months. In accordance with the national vaccination calendar, the second dose is administered no earlier than three months later.

I was vaccinated against measles twice, following all intervals and recommendations. But laboratory tests did not reveal immunity from measles. What to do?

The Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules SP 3.1.2952-11 "Prevention of measles, rubella and mumps states that

“Clause 7.3. In order to assess the state of population immunity to measles, rubella and mumps, studies of the intensity of immunity in vaccinated individuals are carried out in accordance with the established procedure. Persons who are not immune to measles or rubella, or mumps, identified by the results of serological monitoring, are subject to immunization.”

What should I do if I have been in contact with a person with measles?

This situation is regulated by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules SP 3.1.2952-11 "Prevention of measles, rubella and mumps"

5.10. Immunization against measles according to epidemic indications is subject to persons who have had contact with a patient (if a disease is suspected), who have not had measles before, who have not been vaccinated, who do not have information about vaccinations against measles, as well as persons who have been vaccinated against measles once - without age restrictions.

Immunization against measles according to epidemic indications is carried out within the first 72 hours from the moment the patient is identified. With the expansion of the boundaries of the focus of measles (at the place of work, study, within the district, settlement), the terms of immunization can be extended up to 7 days from the moment the first patient is detected in the focus.

5.12. Children not vaccinated against measles or mumps (who have not reached vaccination age or who have not received vaccinations due to medical contraindications or refusal to vaccinate) no later than the 5th day from the moment of contact with the patient, normal human immunoglobulin (hereinafter - immunoglobulin) is administered in accordance with with instructions for its use.

5.14. Contact persons from foci of measles, rubella or mumps, who have not been vaccinated and have not had these infections before, are not allowed for planned hospitalization in medical organizations of a non-infectious profile and social organizations during the entire period of medical observation specified in paragraph 5.7 of these sanitary rules.

Hospitalization of such patients during the period of medical observation in medical organizations of a non-infectious profile is carried out according to vital indications, while additional sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures are organized in the hospital in order to prevent the spread of infection.

What is measles immunoglobulin and who uses it?

Measles immunoglobulin is a preparation obtained from the blood of donors containing measles antibodies. This drug is used according to epidemic indications in unvaccinated individuals. Immunoglobulin forms a short-term.

Measles is a deadly infection. It most often affects children under 5 years of age. It is possible to catch a "childhood disease" at any age. Measles is especially dangerous for pregnant women and people with chronic pathologies.

And the probability of infection upon contact with the patient is 100%. In our country, there is an annual increase in the incidence. Therefore, doctors advise adults to do it.

Mechanism of action and names of measles vaccines

The measles virus is very mobile, it easily travels long distances. It is transmitted through the air or directly through contact with the patient. First, the nasopharynx is infected, and then the whole body.

Only vaccination can prevent infection. Measles immunization has been around the world for over 50 years. How does it work ?

Once inside, the measles virus induces a cellular immune response: the body immediately begins an “attack” on the hostile protein material, producing specific antibodies that neutralize the virus over time, remaining in the blood for many years. There are monovalent (contain one type of antigen) or combined drugs (for several infections).

Measles immunization is carried out with live vaccines. This means that the virus in their composition is weakened in a special way (but not killed). So he cannot infect the body, but is able to induce in it the amount of antibodies necessary for stable immunity.

Live vaccines have their advantages:

a small dose of antigens is required, since vaccine viruses replicate on their own in the body;
1 dose is enough to form protective immunity;
do not contain adjuvants;
less .

In our country licensed and used:

(Russia). Guaranteed protection for 18 months;
divaccine(. This is a domestic development. Recommended for revaccination of the adult population;
Priorix- 3-component preparation (measles,). British remedy. Made in Belgium. A high degree of purification determines the low ractogenicity;
Ruvax(France). Monopreparation. The effect of the injection lasts up to 20 years;
MMR II- 3-valent vaccine (). For routine and emergency immunization.

If simultaneous injections are supposed, then the procedure is carried out with different syringes and in different areas of the body. When injections are given more than once, the time interval between the live measles vaccine and the inactivated anti-hepatitis drug can be any.

How to get a measles vaccine for an adult in a clinic?

Vaccines used in public clinics, as a rule, are domestically produced. More often these are monopreparations, sometimes - Divaccine. If the decision on immunization is made, first of all, you need to contact the treatment room of the clinic at the place of residence.

There you will learn about the vaccination schedule. This is followed by a mandatory visit to the therapist.

After reviewing your medical history and doing an examination, the doctor will either make a positive decision for immunization or suggest an additional examination. An ECG or x-ray may be needed.

All necessary procedures and analyzes should be carried out without fail. If you have allergic reactions, tell your doctor about it. This is the only way to avoid negative post-injection symptoms. An important condition is to be healthy at the time of vaccination.

Vaccine mumps-measles (Divaccine)

Vaccination can be done in private clinics. Now there are more and more such hospitals, so when choosing, you should definitely find out if a commercial medical institution has a license to carry out such a practice. Among the advantages of such vaccination is the procedure at home.

In large cities, there are special immunological centers where vaccination is carried out by accredited specialized specialists.

How much do measles vaccines cost: price in pharmacies

In public clinics, measles vaccination is free. Buying drugs in a pharmacy makes sense if you decide to do paid immunization.

The cost of vaccines differs slightly by regions of the country and is (rubles/dose):

Measles cultural vaccine - 475-520;
Divaccine (measles, mumps) 300-400;
Priorix - 1000;
Ruvax - 500;
MMR II - 600.

To the cost of one injection should be added the price for a mandatory medical examination. In a paid clinic, it (depending on the region and the pricing policy of the institution) will vary from 600 to 1000 rubles.

Can I wash and drink alcohol after vaccination?

The correct behavior of the patient after the injection is an important condition for excluding possible complications. As for water procedures after measles vaccination, they are not prohibited.

The main rule is pure water. For this reason, it is better not to swim in the reservoirs for the first days after the procedure in order to avoid the risk of infection of the wound. Can I take alcohol? To date, a negative relationship between vaccination and alcohol has not been established.

To help the body cope with the virus, do not weaken it by taking alcohol.

What you need to know about measles

Measles is a serious viral disease of childhood, the main manifestations of which are a rash. The measles virus is easily transmitted through the air. Only humans get measles. He begins to secrete the virus 5 to 7 days before the first signs of the disease are evident. After the symptoms disappear, the measles virus will be released for another 4 to 5 days.

Measles is very easy to get! Even after a short meeting of an unvaccinated child with this virus, the chances of getting sick are more than 90%!

This illness can be very mild. After an average of a week after infection, the child's body temperature rises to 38 - 39 degrees, the state of health is disturbed. The kid is naughty, does not play, refuses to eat, tries to be in the arms of his mother. He develops severe weakness, cough, discharge from the nose, eyes redden, lacrimation appears. Such symptoms are easily confused with the symptoms of a banal viral infection.

After 2-3 days from the onset of the disease, when examining the child's oral cavity, white spots can be found on the mucous membranes of the cheeks. And after a while, a rash appears on the face, which spreads to the whole body in a day. With the appearance of a rash, the body temperature rises sharply, and then it becomes clear that the child has measles. The rash persists for up to 7 days.

No drugs have been developed to cure the disease. There are only those that will relieve the symptoms.

Only a timely vaccination can protect against measles. But the observance of banal hygiene rules: frequent washing of hands, wearing masks, etc., are ineffective if the child lives in the area of the outbreak of this disease.

Why is measles dangerous?

At first glance, it seems that measles is a fairly mild disease. Some opponents of vaccinations even believe that it is useful, as it hardens the children's body. And epidemics are a thing of the past because hygiene has improved.

The measles virus greatly disrupts the baby's immune system. Protection against other, more severe infections is weakened. Because of this feature, dangerous complications often arise.

The immune system spends a lot of energy to defeat the disease and, in the end, is depleted. The child's body simply will not have the strength to withstand the dangerous complications that bacteria will cause. Under normal conditions, the baby would not get sick at all, but the forces are exhausted, and the body becomes defenseless.

More often, complications of measles occur in babies under five years of age, adolescents, the elderly, and women at any stage of pregnancy. Among the consequences are the following:

one child out of ten after suffering measles will fall ill with the average, caused by dangerous bacteria and will lose hearing for a long time;
one in ten people who get sick will develop severe diarrhea;
every 20th sick child will have pneumonia. Because of such a formidable complication, children die most often;
one in a thousand develops a severe viral brain lesion, which is incurable and leads to complete immobility and mental retardation;
one to two children out of a thousand who have had measles die.

Measles vaccination schedule

As you can see, measles is not such a harmless infection. To completely protect the child from the unpleasant and deplorable consequences of this disease, there is only one way - vaccination.

Up to six to nine months of life, the mother’s antibodies will protect the baby from measles if she herself was vaccinated or had been ill in childhood. Children of this age are vaccinated only in exceptional cases. For example, if everyone in the family is infected with measles. This is done very rarely. In the future, vaccinations are given according to the schedule.

According to the rules, the first vaccination against measles the baby receives at one year. And already from the beginning of the 2nd week from the date of vaccination, the body produces the amount of antibodies that is necessary to reliably protect the child from infection. Immunity can last up to 25 years.

It happens that in 2-5% of vaccinated children, immunity is insufficient or short-lived due to a special reaction of the immune system or due to inadequate quality of the vaccine (unfortunately, this happens). Therefore, at the age of 6 - 7 years, the child is revaccinated against measles. It aims to protect children who have not developed immunity to the first vaccination. Immunity after revaccination is developed in 99% of children.

If a child who has not had measles and has not been vaccinated has been in contact with a carrier of the infection or who is ill, the vaccination must be done within 72 hours after contact. So the chance of getting sick is less. For pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and children under 12 months of age, immunoglobulin may be given to protect against infection.

In order for the baby to be completely protected from measles, it is necessary to be vaccinated according to the calendar - at 12 months, and then at 6-7 years.

Older people must have documents confirming the double vaccination. If there is no certainty in full vaccination, then the level of antibodies to measles in the blood can be determined. If they are present, it is not worth vaccinating. In the absence of antibodies to measles, it is recommended to give 2 doses of the vaccine with an interval of 1 month. Or you can just graft once. The minimum dose of the vaccine will not harm, but will increase immunity.

What is the measles vaccine? Types of vaccines

Dry (lyophilized) vaccines are used to prevent measles. They contain live measles virus, but it is not capable of causing disease (it will be non-pathogenic). Such vaccines are called attenuated.

In Russia, a combined mumps-measles vaccine of its own production and a monovalent vaccine are used. The latter contains only the measles virus. The Priorix vaccine is produced in Belgium and contains additional viruses and mumps.

In the production of the Russian vaccine, the measles virus is grown on Japanese quail embryo cells, and the Belgian vaccine is grown on chicken embryo cells. This feature must be taken into account for people who are allergic to chicken eggs.

Vaccines are also produced in India, USA, France. There is a vaccine that will immediately protect against measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, but it is not registered in Russia.

All vaccines are issued together with a diluent. Storage is carried out in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 - 8 degrees. The sun's rays can destroy the measles virus in the vaccine, so it comes in vials with tinted glass.

If parents themselves buy the measles vaccine at a pharmacy, they need to deliver it to the clinic as soon as possible in a special thermal container or in a thermos with ice so as not to violate storage conditions.

How is the measles vaccine given?

At 12 months, the baby goes for the first vaccination against measles. 2 weeks before vaccination, all contacts with patients with acute respiratory and other infectious diseases should be excluded. If someone in the family is sick, it is better to postpone the vaccination for a while.

When the child does not have chronic diseases, special preparation for vaccination is not required. If the baby has a concomitant pathology, the pediatrician will give recommendations on drugs and measures so that the vaccination takes place with minimal side effects.

Before vaccination, the doctor conducts an examination, measures the child's body temperature and acquaints parents with possible side effects and reactions to the vaccine. The examination data are recorded in the outpatient card. If, according to the medical opinion, the baby is healthy, you can safely go to the vaccination room. Before vaccination, parents must complete an informed voluntary consent form.

In the vaccination room, the nurse also fills out the necessary documentation. Before opening the ampoule with the vaccine, she must check the expiration dates. The injection site (this is the outer area of the shoulder or subscapular region) is treated with an antiseptic and 0.5 ml of the vaccine is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

The measles virus contained in the vaccine loses its protective effect when exposed to alcohols and esters, so the skin at the injection site must dry after treatment.

The vaccine is diluted immediately before staging. A pre-diluted vaccine, which was also stored at, cannot be administered - it will lose all useful properties.

After vaccination, parents with the child must spend some more time in the clinic.

Within 30 minutes after the injection, the baby should be under the supervision of a nurse, it is at this time that acute allergic reactions can develop. The vaccination room has all the necessary means to help him in such a situation.

After the vaccination, the child's immune system recognizes the measles virus, intensive production of antibodies begins - special immunity cells that are able to neutralize the virus when it is encountered again. Antibodies will be contained both in the blood and in the secretions of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. This is where the virus will penetrate in the first place. By the end of the 2nd week after vaccination, the baby is already protected from the insidious disease.

Such a delay from vaccination is necessary for the complete removal of antibodies from the baby's body, which he received with these drugs. Otherwise, they will simply interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system after vaccination, and the child will not receive full protection against measles.

Vaccination is temporarily contraindicated in acute viral diseases. It can be done immediately after the temperature drops and health improves. Atopic dermatitis, anemia, dysbacteriosis are not contraindications to vaccination.

How to prepare for the measles vaccination and how to transfer it easier?

The fact that before vaccination the child should be examined by a doctor is written above. The doctor will determine whether the baby is ready for vaccination, prescribe the necessary drugs if there are chronic diseases.

If after vaccination the child experiences discomfort, is naughty, you can do the following:

apply a cold compress to the injection site to relieve pain;
give a medicine that will relieve pain (ibuprofen and paracetamol preparations).

If after a few days the temperature rises, and malaise appears, you should not panic. As mentioned above, this is a normal reaction to the vaccine. In this case, you can wipe the child with warm water, ventilate the room, do not wrap, give a warm drink. If the temperature causes discomfort, antipyretic drugs are given (Ibuprofen,).

Scientists say that the measles virus does not have the ability to change.

This means that thanks to mass vaccination, the disease can be defeated and measles will forever disappear from the face of the planet. By doing so, millions of children's lives can be saved. It is important not to succumb to fears and panic before vaccinations and take care of the future of the baby in a timely manner. No need to wait for an epidemic in your city or country, but protect yourself and your child now.

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Measles is a serious enough infection that, before the introduction vaccination as a preventive measure for the disease, 90% of children under the age of 10 years have been ill. Measles is contagious, transmitted by airborne droplets or direct contact. Moreover, the virus that causes the infection circulates exclusively in the human population. Contrary to the popular belief that measles is a harmless infection for children, which is better for a child to have, the mortality statistics for this disease do not look so rosy.

As of today, the mortality rate from measles, even with timely and high-quality therapy, remains from 5 to 10%. In 2001, on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, vaccinations from measles were introduced into the national calendars or immunization programs of many countries, as a result of which, by 2008, it was possible to reduce the number of deaths from the infection from 750,000 to 197,000, that is, almost 4 times.

In addition to the risk of death, measles can have adverse consequences in the form of complications such as encephalitis, protein-losing enteropathy, sclerosing panencephalopathy, and slowly progressive pathology of the nervous system. The frequency of these serious complications ranges from 1 case per 1,000 cases to 1 case per 10,000.

measles vaccine

To date, measles vaccination has been shown to be highly effective in preventing cases of infection, as well as a significant reduction in the number of deaths due to the unfavorable course of the disease. Measles immunization is essential for all people, especially children under 5 years of age, because it is in this age group that the infection is most severe, and the risk of death or complications is higher than in older children.

It is known that the course of measles aggravates the lack of vitamin A in the body, due to malnutrition of an adult or a child. Therefore, if the child's living conditions are far from ideal, and the quality of nutrition does not meet the standards for the consumption of vitamins and minerals, it is necessary to be vaccinated to prevent infection.

Currently, there are monovalent measles vaccines, which contain only one component, and polyvalent ones. Polyvalent contains several components (not only against measles). Today, the following polyvalent vaccines with an anti-measles component are produced in the world:
1. Measles, rubella.
2. Measles, rubella, mumps.
3. Measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox.

The effectiveness of a monovalent vaccine against measles and polyvalent vaccines with a measles component is the same, so the choice of drug is determined by convenience factors, etc. The World Health Organization only allows effective and safe measles vaccines to enter the pharmaceutical market, so any vaccine can be used. In addition, all measles vaccines have the property of interchangeability, that is, one vaccination can be given with one drug, and the second with a completely different one, this will not affect the effectiveness in any way, and will not cause any negative consequences.

The measles vaccine is produced in the form of a specially dried powder - a lyophilizate, which is diluted with a solvent before administration. The drug should be stored refrigerated or frozen at -20 to -70 o C, but the solvent must not be frozen.

When using the vaccine, it should be remembered that after dilution of the lyophilizate, the finished product, left for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, will lose its ability to induce immunity against infection by exactly half. And when the drug is ready for administration for 1 hour at a temperature of 37 o C, it completely loses its properties, and actually becomes unusable. In addition, the measles vaccine loses its properties when exposed to direct sunlight, so it must be stored in colored vials. After dissolving the vaccine preparation, it should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 6 hours. After this time, any unused vaccine should be discarded.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains three components that allow one injection to administer a drug that initiates the formation of immunity to not one, but three infections at once. This vaccine has a low reactogenicity, which is not higher than a monovalent measles vaccine.

In the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, various subtypes of the measles virus can be used, for example, Edmonston, Enders, Peibles, Schwartz, Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten and AIC - C, CAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. The differences between all these types of vaccine viruses are insignificant and do not exceed 0.6%. At the same time, the maximum variability is observed in strains CAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. Any type of vaccine-type measles creates excellent immunity against the wild measles virus. To date, no variants of transmission of the vaccinal type of measles virus from a vaccinated person to another have been identified.

The complex three-component measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin and the antibiotic Neomycin as preservatives and stabilizing agents. Thanks to these substances - stabilizers, the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine does not contain a mercury compound - thiomersal (merthiolate) as a preservative. Thanks to this, the danger of possible side effects from the ingress of mercury compounds into the body is completely eliminated, which makes the drug completely safe.

However, the absence of a preservative - merthiolate imposes strict storage conditions for the vaccine. Until dissolved, the lyophilizate is stored in a cold or frozen form, at a temperature not lower than -70 o C. Before the introduction of the vaccine, the powder is diluted, this solution must be placed in a colored vial, since the drug is not stable under the action of sunlight. The finished solution can only be used within 6 hours, provided that it is stored in the refrigerator during this period of time. If the solution stays for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, then it will lose its properties by half, and the same period of time at 37 o C - the vaccine will become completely spoiled.

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccination is convenient for vaccination, as it reduces the number of injections and trips to the clinic. If the child or adult has already had an infection (for example, measles, rubella or mumps), then you can choose a vaccine without a component that the human body has already encountered. But it is also possible to vaccinate measles-rubella-mumps - then the component that the person has already been ill with will simply be destroyed by the existing immune cells. The vaccine in this case will not do harm, but will only help to form immunity to other infections, the components against which the complex preparation contains.

Is a measles vaccine necessary?

Measles vaccination has the following positive properties - it prevents epidemics of infection, reduces mortality and disability, and also allows you to limit the circulation of the virus in the population. The reactogenicity of the measles vaccine is very low, there are practically no complications. For example, such a complication as encephalitis occurs in 1 case out of a thousand sick people, and in 1 case out of 100,000 vaccinated. As can be seen, the risk of developing a serious complication in the case of vaccination against measles is 100 times less than with a full transmission of the infection.

There is an opinion that infections such as measles, rubella or chickenpox are best recovered in childhood, since they are better tolerated and then provide immunity for life. However, this position is very one-sided and irresponsible. Thus, vaccination provides a significant reduction in the number of circulating viruses in the population, since vaccinated people do not get sick, and the microbe simply has nowhere to live and multiply. In this case, with an active immunization policy, it is possible to eliminate the measles virus from the human population - then the next generations will quite easily do without vaccination, as, for example, happened with smallpox, which has not been vaccinated since the 80s of the XX century. Therefore, immunizing children against measles can help grandchildren who may not need it at all. Otherwise, every generation of children will be forced to suffer from measles and other infections, continuing this vicious circle.

A newborn baby has protection against measles for some time, so they rarely get infected. If the mother had measles or was vaccinated against the infection, then the antibodies in the blood of the child persist for 6 to 9 months, providing him with immunity from the disease. However, this is not a guarantee, because with a low antibody titer or high virus activity, a child can still get this dangerous infection.

Measles is not at all as harmless as it is commonly believed, since in 80% of cases this infection is complicated by:

otitis media;
laryngitis;
pneumonia.

Often these diseases become chronic, and proceed very painfully, forming a constant lack of oxygen in the child, and an inflammatory focus. This is due to the fact that the virus disrupts the local immunity of the child's airways, as a result of which any bacterial infection can develop very easily and unhindered. Thus, measles seems to increase susceptibility to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system.

Due to all of the above factors, there is an objective opinion that a child still needs a measles vaccine. It will help protect against the risk of chronic post-measles inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, and reduce the load on the immune system without forcing it to fight a full-fledged pathogen.

Why you need a measles vaccine - video

Measles vaccine for adults

Today in Russia, the need for measles vaccination for adults is due to two main reasons. Firstly, the epidemiological situation in the country is unfavorable, there is a large number of migrants from other regions who are carriers of various infections, including measles. Therefore, in order to activate childhood immunity against measles, adults up to 35 years of age are given another dose of the vaccine.

Secondly, in a number of regions of Russia, thanks to the efforts made to vaccinate children against measles, it was possible to reduce the number of cases of the disease by 10-15 times. Usually, the vaccine works effectively for 20 years, after which revaccination is necessary. However, when the incidence of measles was higher, the number of circulating viruses was greater, then the immune system of the vaccinated people encountered the microorganism, but the person did not get the infection. In the course of such contact of the immune system of the vaccinated person with the wild type of the virus, his defense was activated, and revaccination was not required. And when there is no contact with wild measles virus, the immune system needs an additional dose of vaccine to maintain immunity to infection. That is why experts in the field of epidemiology and medicine have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to vaccinate adults under 35 years of age against measles.

Adults can refuse vaccinations, motivating this with the following: "I'll get sick, well, okay, I'm no longer a child - somehow I'll survive." However, remember that there are children around you, the elderly, for whom you can become a source of infection. In addition, complications of measles in adults are quite dangerous, since they can be glomerulonephritis, myocarditis and conjunctivitis with corneal damage, hearing loss (deafness). Therefore, being a responsible and mature person, it is necessary to be vaccinated against this infection in adulthood. In addition, the measles vaccine is required for all adults who come into contact with a sick person. And since almost all children today are vaccinated, the virus causes disease in adults who have not been vaccinated or have not had an infection.

Vaccination of children against measles

Children need to be vaccinated against measles because the infection can cause severe neurological complications, or even death. To date, the measles vaccine should not be administered before the age of 9 months. This is due to two circumstances - firstly, maternal antibodies protect the child up to 6-9 months, and secondly, at six months the baby's immune system is not yet able to adequately respond to the introduction of the measles vaccine and form immunity - that is, the vaccine will simply be useless .

The introduction of a measles vaccine to infants at the age of 9 months leads to the formation of immunity in 85 - 90% of those vaccinated. This means that in 10-15% of children after vaccination at 9 months, immunity is not formed, and a second dose of the drug is needed. When vaccinating children already at the age of 1 year, immunity is formed in 100% of babies. Therefore, the World Health Organization considers the optimal time for measles vaccination to be one year old.

However, countries where the epidemiological situation for measles is unfavorable are forced to administer the vaccine to children as early as possible, that is, from the age of 9 months. The consequence of this tactic is the presence of 10 - 15% of children who have not received protection from infection after a single dose of the drug. In this regard, in countries that introduce a measles vaccine at 9 months, a booster immunization is carried out at 15 to 18 months so that all children can develop immunity to infection. This tactic has shown good efficiency and effectiveness.

In Russia, the epidemiological situation is not so deplorable, so it is possible to vaccinate children against measles at the age of 1 year. It is at this age that vaccination is planned in the national vaccination calendar. To prevent possible outbreaks of the epidemic in children's groups, a second dose of the vaccine is administered to activate immunity at the age of 6, before the child enters school. This measles prevention tactic made it possible to completely eliminate outbreaks of infection in schools, so today it is almost impossible to observe a situation where the entire class is on sick leave with the same diagnosis. And 10 years ago this situation was quite typical for Russian cities.

Measles vaccination per year

The introduction of a measles vaccine per year is due to three main factors:
1. By this age, the baby completely disappears maternal protective antibodies that were transmitted through the placenta.
2. It is the age of 1 year that is optimal for immunization against measles, since immunity is formed in almost 100% of children.
3. Children under 5 years of age are highly susceptible to measles, often get sick and carry the infection with subsequent complications.

Therefore, in order to prevent infection with measles in a vulnerable category of children aged 1 to 5 years, it is necessary to vaccinate as early as possible. After vaccination at 1 year old, the child receives immunity, which reliably protects him from infection. The measles vaccine is easily tolerated by one-year-old children, rarely causing reactions that appear 5 to 15 days after the injection, and disappear very quickly.

In children, measles is dangerous for its complications on the nervous system, primarily the formation of encephalitis and meningitis, as well as lung damage in the form of severe pneumonia. These complications of measles are observed in 1 child out of 1000 infected. And the vaccine can provoke complications in the form of damage to the nervous system in 1 child per 100,000 vaccinated children.

As the age of the child increases, with measles, the risk of developing complications from the nervous system decreases, but the risk of other conditions increases, for example, myocarditis, pyelonephritis, optic and auditory neuritis, which can result in a serious deterioration in health and a significant decrease in quality of life.

How many measles vaccines are needed?

The number of measles vaccinations depends on the age of the first vaccination. So, if the first vaccine was administered to a child at 9 months of age, then there will be 4-5 vaccinations in total: the first at 9 months, then at 15-18 months, at 6 years, at 15-17 years and at 30 years. If the first measles vaccination was delivered at 1 year, then there will be 3-4 vaccinations in total, that is, the first one in a year, then at 6 years old, at 15-17 years old and at 30 years old.

If the child has not been vaccinated against measles in a year, then he is given one dose, as early as possible (for example, at two, or three, or four years). After this vaccination, the next planned one is given at the age of six, before entering school.

If an adult or a child over 6 years old is vaccinated for the first time, then two doses of the drug are administered, with an interval between them of at least 1 month. The optimal interval in this situation between the first and second dose of the vaccine is six months.

Immunization age (vaccination schedule)

According to the national vaccination schedule, measles vaccination is given at the age of:

1 year;
6 years;
15 - 17 years old.

If the mother does not have immunity against measles (the woman was not sick and was not vaccinated), then the child's immunization schedule is as follows:

9 months;
15 - 18 months;
6 years;
15 - 17 years old.

If a child under 6 years of age has not been vaccinated against measles, according to the schedule of the national calendar, then vaccination is carried out as soon as possible. At the same time, the second vaccination is given according to the schedule - at the age of 6, but so that at least six months pass between two doses. The next one is again on schedule: at 15-17 years old.

If a child older than 6 years has not been vaccinated against measles, then two vaccines are administered with an interval of six months, as soon as possible. The next vaccination according to the schedule is at the age of 15-17.

Where to get vaccinated against measles?

You can get the measles vaccine at the vaccination room at the clinic where you live or work. In this case, you need to find out on what days the measles immunization is performed, if necessary, sign up and come to get vaccinated. In addition to the municipal clinic, vaccination can be given in special vaccination centers or private clinics accredited for these medical procedures. In the presence of allergies or other somatic diseases, the measles vaccine can be delivered in specialized immunology departments of general hospitals.

Private vaccination centers provide a vaccination service at home, when a special team arrives, assesses the person's condition, and decides whether or not to administer the drug. This method of immunization minimizes the risk of catching a cold or getting the flu due to staying in the corridors of the clinic.

Where is the vaccine injected?

The measles vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The most preferred places for drug administration are the outer part of the shoulder at the border of the middle and upper thirds, the thigh or subscapular region. Children a year old are vaccinated in the thigh or shoulder, and at 6 years old - under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder. The choice of the injection site is determined by the development of the muscle layer and subcutaneous tissue in the child. If there are not enough muscles on the shoulder and a lot of adipose tissue, then the injection is made into the thigh.

The vaccine must not be allowed to enter the skin, since in this case a seal will form, and the drug will enter the bloodstream slowly, as a result of which the manipulation may be completely ineffective. Injection into the buttock should also be avoided, since the fat layer is highly developed here, and the skin is thick enough, which makes it difficult to properly administer the vaccine preparation.

The effect of the vaccine

Vaccination against measles provides a person with immunity for a sufficiently long period of time - an average of 20 years. Today, studies have revealed active immunity against measles in people vaccinated up to 36 years ago. In connection with such a duration of the vaccination, many people may have a question: "Why should a child be revaccinated against measles at 6 years old, when only 5 years have passed from the first vaccination?" This need is due to the fact that after the first vaccination against measles in 1 year, immunity is formed in 96-98% of children, and 2-4% remain without reliable protection. Therefore, the second is aimed at ensuring that children who have not developed immunity at all, or it is weakened, can receive reliable protection against infection before starting school.

The third immunization at the age of 15-17 is carried out with a complex preparation against measles-rubella-mumps. At this age, it is most important to revaccinate boys and girls against mumps and rubella, which can adversely affect fertility, and the measles component is simply additional, stimulating the maintenance and preservation of existing immunity to infection.

Measles after vaccination

The measles vaccine contains live, but highly attenuated viruses that are not capable of causing a full-fledged infection. However, after the injection, delayed reactions may occur that resemble the symptoms of measles. These vaccination reactions develop 5-15 days after vaccination, proceed easily and pass on their own, without any treatment. It is these reactions that people mistake for vaccine-induced measles.

However, another situation may arise. Vaccination could not lead to the formation of immunity, so a child or an adult, upon contact with the virus, easily becomes infected and sick. If morbilliform symptoms develop between days 5 and 15 after injection, then this is a reaction to the vaccine. If the symptoms of measles are observed at any other time, then this is a full-fledged infection associated with the failure of vaccination immunity.

After measles vaccination

Since measles vaccination is a manipulation aimed at inducing an active response of the immune system in order to form immunity to infection, it is not surprising that it can provoke the development of various reactions from the body. On the first day after the injection of the drug, the temperature may rise slightly, a seal and mild soreness may appear at the injection site. These symptoms go away on their own and quickly.

There are also a number of delayed reactions that appear 5 to 15 days after the injection. These reactions are a variant of the norm, and do not indicate a pathology or disease due to vaccination. Reactions are more often formed on the first dose of the drug, and the second and subsequent ones cause consequences much less frequently.

Reaction to the vaccine

Many people consider natural vaccination reactions to be the consequences of vaccination. You can call these phenomena whatever you like - the main thing to remember is that this is not a pathology, but a normal reaction of the human body, due to its individual characteristics. Consider the main reactions to the measles vaccine.

Elevated temperature. The temperature can be observed on the first day after vaccination, and on the 5th - 15th day. The rise in temperature in some people is insignificant, while in others - on the contrary, up to a fever of 40 o C. The temperature reaction lasts from 1 to 4 days. Since the temperature does not help the formation of immunity after vaccination, it must be knocked down with paracetamol or ibuprofen preparations. High fever can lead to seizures, especially in children.
Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination - rash. A variety of small papular rashes of pink color are observed in about 2% of those vaccinated on the 5th - 15th day after vaccination. The rash can cover the entire body, or be only in certain places, most often behind the ears, on the neck, face, buttocks, and arms. The rash resolves on its own and does not require treatment. If the child is prone to allergic reactions, then a rash may form on the first day after the injection.

convulsions against the background of high temperature;

encephalitis and panencephalitis;

pneumonia;

decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;

pain in the abdomen;

glomerulonephritis;

myocarditis;

toxic shock.

Allergies are associated with the presence of antibiotics in the vaccine - Neomycin or Kanamycin, and egg white fragments (quail or chicken). Seizures are a reflection of the high temperature, and not the influence of the components of the vaccine. A serious complication of vaccination - encephalitis, develops in 1 in 1,000,000 vaccinated. It should be remembered that encephalitis is also a complication of measles itself, developing in 1 in 2000 patients. Abdominal pain is most often not directly related to the vaccine, but is due to the activation of existing chronic diseases. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria from the upper respiratory tract entering the lungs. A decrease in the number of platelets is a physiological reaction that is asymptomatic and does no harm.
Gentamicin, etc.);

allergy to protein of chicken and quail eggs;

tumors;

severe reaction to a previous vaccine administration.

In the presence of these conditions, the measles vaccine cannot be given.

Imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The main difference between imported vaccines and domestic vaccines is the presence of chicken egg protein, since it is this substrate that is used to grow viral particles. Russian vaccines contain quail egg protein. There are complex vaccines for measles-rubella-mumps imported - MMR-II (American-Dutch), Priorix (Belgian) and Ervevax (English). There is also a monovalent measles-only vaccine - Ruvax (French).

The imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine allows you to make one shot against three infections. And domestic drugs, as a rule, are administered in the form of two injections - one measles-rubella drug, and the second - mumps. In this sense, an imported vaccine is more convenient, since it involves only one injection, not two. Reactions after vaccination with domestic and imported vaccines are observed in exactly the same number of cases.